Macbeth Response Act One, two, three and four essays

Macbeth Response Act One, two, three and four essays Why does Macbeth decide to kill Duncan? From the beginning of the play Macbeth is seen to be a worthy person with great courage and respect from his men. Already Thane of Glamis, Macbeth earns himself the title of Thane of Cawdor by his heroic performance on the battlefield. Macbeths first meeting with the three witches makes Macbeth nervous but it is then that he first has the thoughts of becoming King of Scotland. On arriving home to his castle he is greeted by Lady Macbeth who has been hatching a plan to murder King Duncan. She rids herself of feminine thoughts and any feelings of remorse and has no regrets when she pressures the uncertain Macbeth into the murder of his King. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have desires of becoming King and Queen of Scotland, and Lady Macbeth sees Duncans arrival at Macbeths castle as an opportunity to the quickest route to fulfilling the witchs prophecies. Macbeth is under immense pressure from his and his ladys desires, the prophecies from the witches, and the opportunities to murder his king. Even so, Macbeth murders Duncan and in the desperation of the morning after, the sons flee and Macbeth is able to become king. How do Lady Macbeth and Macbeth react to the actual murder of Duncan? Macbeth enters King Duncans chamber as apprehensive and nervous as when he leaves. Following an imaginary dagger, Macbeth is doubtful about the actions he is about to undertake. The doubts mount to regret as he returns gingerly to his bedroom to find his excited Lady. The Lady, confident with the nights killing is angered by Macbeth when he produces the murderous daggers which are covered in blood so she returns them. Macbeth is haunted by bodiless calls and taunts that Macbeth shalt sleep no more, Macbeth hath murdered sleep. Lady Macbeth dismisses these taunts as just voices inside his head. MacDuff arrived at Macbeths castle ...

History Thesis

History Thesis History Thesis History ThesisYou are at your graduate school learning history and researching the topic you have been assigned in the course of your studying. If you have to write a history thesis, it means that you have already accomplished three or four years of your studying and the final step is to be done.History thesis is not easy, especially if you have to time and no desire to work on it. Nevertheless, if you are looking for successful graduation, you must complete a thesis writing project, despite of your desires, wants, and lack of time.History Thesis TopicsThere are many possible history thesis topics and they are not limited to current events or social movements, to elections of Barack Obama or gay rights. History thesis be wide enough to allow proper secondary research and yet leave some space for primary investigation, unless you are writing a history thesis about the Roman Empire and there are not witnesses of that time left.You may develop your history thesis topic by focusing on g eographical area (African history, American history, Asian history)You may focus your history thesis topic on certain period (Medieval History, Modern History, Renaissance History)You may write about difference civilizations (Western Civilization History, Indian Civilization, Aztec Civilization)You may explore the specific field of history (Art History, Oral History, Forgotten History)You may trace the relationship between history and other academic disciplines (History of Eastern Philosophy).Professional History Thesis WritingWe know that history thesis writing is not easy, especially if you have no time to write it. Well-written thesis must be based on sufficient research. It means that you should spend many hours in the library trying to find supporting information. Do you have enough time to devote to thesis writing?The majority of students are too busy to have enough time for all academic assignments. Consequently, many of students recall having a history thesis due on ly when the deadline is tomorrow morning. What should you do in such a situation? There is an effective solution: professional history thesis writing service from scratch!If you have written your history thesis partially and want someone to finish it, if you seek professional editing service online, you may also turn to us and get your history thesis written or edited by experts in academic assignments!

Principles of marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Principles of marketing - Essay Example Goal setting phase sets the overall goals of the business. It requires outlining a mission and corporate objectives for the business (Egan & Thomas 2012). Newham College has a mission ?to expand and improve lifelong learning? (Newham 2007). To achieve this mission, Newham believes in ‘open access provision, relevant to the diverse range of needs in its local communities’ (Newham 2007). Its corporate goals include continuous capital investment to increase facilities for learning and enhance access to education. Over the last ten years it has invested ?15 million capital (Newham 2007)  to meet its goals directing its way towards mission attainment.   Situation review follows the goal setting phase. McDonald (2008) explained that the situation review is a sort of market analysis in which marketing audit needs to be performed, SWOT analysis is to be conducted and key assumptions are to be outlined. Jobber (2004) described five steps in completing a marketing audit as def ining the market, determining performance differentials, knowing the competitors, competitor analysis, and designing a strategic planning structure. Defining the market requires target market identification and segmentation to ease positioning. Pride and Ferrell (2008) regarded target market selection as one of the major areas in developing a marketing strategy. Initially, Newham College will target those secondary schools within 2 miles of Stratford, Inner London that have high or medium suitability. Appendix – II shares the list of schools in and around Stratford that form suitable target market for Newham College; the list is prepared based on the data made available by Guardian (2013) showing the data supplied by Department for Education 2010-13. The list shares number of pupils in the school, their gender, their age group, location of the school and its suitability as the target. Criterion for suitability is set to be the number of students regardless of the gender; the more the number of students in the school the more suitable it will be regarded as a target market as more number of students can be approached in a single go. Looking at the specifications of this target market positioning of Newham College can be decided and it should be more lively and career-oriented in which students do find a reason to study; SWOT analysis will further elaborate on which strengths Newham can focus on to get maximum enrolments from local schools. Next step in marketing audit is to determine the performance differentials; Botten (2009) explained that this step requires identifying submarkets offering entry point for the firm. For Newham those schools identified in Appendix-II list that have low suitability may offer subsector where Newham can position its products. Nonetheless the positioning will be based on the same points that are discussed later in the SWOT. Third and fourth step in marketing audit is ‘knowing the competitors’ and ‘competi tor’s analysis’. Competition in Stratford area is high when we see the number of colleges available for the students for further education because all the colleges are striving for the same students. There are colleges such as Whitechapel College, The Building Crafts College, University of East London, Interlink College of Technology, NewVic – Newham Sixth Form College, Tower Hamlets College, and Stratford-upon-Avon College. Now based on the courses offered by these colleges some

Global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global warming - Essay Example You’ve been greatly successful in offering appropriate illustrations, examples, and explanations all through your speech, effectively enhancing them with elaborate graphics. Significantly, the data you’ve provided throughout your speech have been concise and handy, ornamented with computer-model charts, photos, archival footage, and cartoons. The ultimate impact of using these tools in the speech is that the audience is easily persuaded by the seriousness of the issue as these dramatically illustrate the influence of the issue of global warming on the entire universe, and on the U.S. in particular. I’m particularly impressed with the pertinent point of your speech, i.e. the human beings have been destructively influencing the planet by way of manmade pollution and other threatening acts. However, I’m more impressed with the way you have been emphasizing the compelling case for decisive action, through your forceful words and effective mannerisms. In short, I’m highly convinced that you’ve secured a respectable place among the world’s most natural public speakers through your show of public speaking ability in this campaign. Work Cited â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth.† Top Documentary Films. Feb 17. 2011.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome :: essays research papers fc

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Introduction to IBS Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of the intestines that leads to crampy pain, gassiness, Bloating, and changes in bowel habits. Some people with IBS have constipation. Others have diarrhea or frequent loose stools, often with an urgent need to move the bowels and some people experience both. Sometimes the person with IBS has a crampy urge to move the bowels but cannot do so. As much as 20% of the US population suffers from irritable bowel syndrome. Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the most common digestive disorders disorders in North America. Over three millions doctor visits are made each year due to IBS. Almost 50% of referrals to a gastroemterologist are for irritable bowel syndrome. Twice as many women suffer from irritable bowel syndrome than do men. Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome usually start early in life. Half the patients have symptoms before they reach the age of 30. Through the years, IBS has been called by many names -- colitis, mucous colitis, spastic colon, spastic bowel, and functional bowel disease. Most of these terms are inaccurate. Colitis, for instance, means inflammation of the large intestine (colon). IBS, however, does not cause inflammation and should not be confused with ulcerative colitis, which is a more serious disorder. The cause of IBS is not known, and as yet there is no cure. Doctors call it a functional disorder because there is no sign of disease when the colon is examined. IBS causes a great deal of discomfort and distress, but it does not cause permanent harm to the intestines and does not lead to intestinal bleeding of the bowel or to a serious disease such as cancer. Often IBS is just a mild annoyance, but for some people it can be disabling. They may be afraid to go to social events, to go out to a job, or to travel even short distances. Most people with IBS, however, are able to control their symptoms through diet, stress management, and sometimes with medications prescribed by their physicians. Causes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome The colon, which is about 6 feet long, connects the small intestine with the rectum and anus. The major function of the colon is to absorb water and salts from digestive products that enter from the small intestine. Two quarts of liquid matter enter the colon from the small intestine each day.

A Causative Agent of Food-borne Poisoning

Bacillus cereus is an aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria causing toxin-mediated food poisoning. Optimum temperature for its growth is 30-37Â °C. However, it can also tolerate a wide range of temperature; some strains can grow up to 55Â °C while others can grow at temperatures as low as 4 to 5Â °C (Microbial Pathogen Datasheets, 2001). Many strains from dairy products are able to thrive at lower temperatures. The minimum pH requirement for growth is 4. 3, while maximum pH is around 9. 3.This bacterial population grows best in the presence of oxygen (Microbial Pathogen Datasheets, 2001). Nevertheless, since this species is facultative anaerobic it also grows well in anaerobic conditions (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). Toxin production has been found to be much lower under anaerobic conditions. Bacillus cereus is a spore-forming micro-organism which occurs naturally in most foods. It causes two different and distinct forms of food poisoning: an emeti c illness and a diarrhoeal illness (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004).Bacillus cereus causes food-borne emetic illness by producing a highly stable toxin that survives high temperatures and exposure to trypsin, pepsin and pH extremes. Bacillus cereus levels in foods associated with emetic form of food poisoning have ranged from 1,000 to 50 billion colony-forming units (cfu)/gram (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). High numbers of bacterial population have been also detected in faecal samples from affected persons. Diarrhoeal illness is mediated by a heat- and acid-labile enterotoxin produced during growth of vegetative cells in the small intestine (Granum, 1994).Four different enterotoxins have been characterized. Two are protein complexes such as non-haemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) and haemolysin BL (HBL) and two are enterotoxic proteins such as enterotoxin T (bc-D-ENT) and cytotoxin K (Lund, DeBuyser & Granum, 2000). The occurrence of the diarrhoeal-type syndrome has be en largely reported in the US and Europe, where the disease has been greatly associated with foods such as meat, vegetable, poultry, desserts and sauces (Giannella and Brasile, 1979).Prevalence of the vomiting type syndrome has been reported in the United Kingdom, Canada and USA, food borne poisoning is commonly associated with the consumption of cooked fried rice (Mortimer and McCann, 1974). Serotyping studies conducted by Taylor and Gilbert (1975) showed that strains from incidents of food poisoning in US and Europe characterised by a longer incubation period and with diarrhoea as the main symptom have provided serotypes 2, 6, 8, 9 and 10, whereas those which caused the rice-associated emetic illness in United Kingdom, Canada and USA were serotypes 1, 3 or 5.Bacillus cereus food poisoning is mostly associated with rice dishes, and sporadically with other food stuffs such as meat, vegetable, pasta, dairy products, sauces, soups and sweet pastries. Bacillus cereus food-borne poisoni ng is also associated with pudding, cream, spices, dry milk, dry potatoes and spaghetti sauces. Bacterial contamination of the food product by the large occurs prior to cooking. Even after cooking the microbial population thrives because vegetative forms can grow over a wide range of temperatures from 25Â °C to 42Â °C and are also capable of producing endotoxins.Endospores have the ability to survive extremely high and low temperatures. When they are allowed to cool fairly gradually, they once again begin to germinate and multiply. Spores are highly resistant to dry heat than moist heat. Emetic toxins are also extremely resistant to heat. They can survive 90 min at 126Â °C, while diarrhoeal toxins are inactivated at 56Â °C in 5 min. Clinical Description Bacillus cereus is widely known as the etiological agent of food-borne poisoning, causing both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases.Both diarrhoea and emesis can be clearly distinguished by their clinical features. Diarrhoea is provoked by heat-labile enterotoxins, while emesis is caused by a heat-stable depsipeptide toxin called cereulide (Ehling, Fricker & Scherer, 2004). The clinical syndromes associated with the diarrhoeal form of illness are longer incubation about 6 to 24 hours period, very watery diarrhoea (similar to that of C. perfringens), presence of moderate to severe abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting in some patients, duration of illness ranges from a minimum of 20 hours to a maximum of 36 hours.Clinical features associated with the emetic form of illness are shorter incubation period of about 1 to 6 hours, presence of vomiting and abdominal cramps; diarrhoea is not severe and is present in only about a third of affected individuals (similar to poisoning by S. aureus), duration of sickness ranges from 8 to 10 hours. In both types of syndromes, fever is exceptional and disease is usually docile. Bacillus cereus also can cause other diseases such as local skin and wound infectio ns, ocular infections, fulminant liver failure.Invasive disease, including bacteraemia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, brain abscess, and meningitis are also caused by Bacillus cereus. Ocular involvement includes panophthalmitis, endophthalmitis, and keratitis (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). Apart, it can bring about other infections namely, pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis, in addition to brain and liver abscesses (Drobniewski, 1993). It is a rare cause of endocarditis (Fowler et al. 2005) reported in patients with prosthetic heart valves, rheumatic heart disease, intravenous drug use (IVDU), and in patient with leukaemia.Food Poisoning by other Bacillus species Toxic food poisoning is not only caused by Bacillus cereus, several other Bacillus species have also been implicated in food poisoning incidents. The most important species are B. subtilis and B. licheniformis. These organisms are capable of producing an extremely heat-stable toxin which seems very si milar to the emetic type produced by B. cereus (Kramer and Gilbert, 1989). These species are widely associated with food products like meat, vegetable, flour, pastry, sausage rolls, meat pies and pastries, curries and various ethnic dishes with rice, and stuffed poultry.Bacillus subtilis is associated mainly with meat, vegetables in pastry, poultry products, and occasionally with bakery items such as bread, crumpets, sandwiches, and ethnic meat or seafood dishes. Food poisoning syndrome associated with B. subtilis causes acute onset nausea, vomiting and stomach cramps, incubation range is 2-5 hours, often with diarrhoea. Poisoning due to B. licheniformis shows the following symptoms; diarrhoea is more common than vomiting, incubation period is about 8 hours. Another species which was isolated in high numbers from rice associated with a food poisoning outbreak was B.pumilus. Symptoms were consistent with those similar for food poisoning by other Bacillus species than B. cereus. C. pe rfringens food poisoning produces a heat-labile toxin which caused predominantly lower gastrointestinal (diarrheal) disease about 12 hours after ingestion much similar to the diarrheal type syndrome caused by B. cereus. Case Studies In August 2003, five children of a Belgian family became sick after eating pasta salad. The pasta salad prepared on a Friday was taken to picnic on Saturday. The leftovers had been stored in the refrigerator.The following Monday evening the pasta was served for supper to the children. Since the pasta had an unusual odour three children (aged 14, 10 and 9) did not eat much, they ate very little quantities. After 6 hours the youngest child (aged 7) started vomiting and complained of respiratory distress. She was immediately rushed to the hospital. Upon arrival at the hospital the other 3 children also felt nauseous and started vomiting. The condition of all the children began to worsen; hence they were transported to the University Hospital in Leuven.Howev er, during transfer, the child (aged 7) had severe pulmonary haemorrhage, quickly followed by coma, diffuse bleeding, and severe muscle cramps. She died within 20 minutes, at 13 hours after the intake of pasta. Autopsy report revealed the presence of Bacillus cereus in her gut content. The other 3 children were kept under treatment for 8 days and they gradually recovered (Dierick et al. 2005). This case elucidated the probable severity of the emetic illness, also stressing on the importance of sufficient refrigeration of cooked food. Some B.cereus strains are known to be sychrotrophic and these strains have the maximum emetic toxin production between 12 and 15Â °C. In the present case, the temperature of the refrigerator where the pasta salad was stored was 14Â °C. This probably allowed B. cereus strains to multiply quickly to attain a count of more than 108 CFU/g in 3 days along with a very high toxin production (Dierick et al. 2005). Food borne poisoning was reported in a milita ry camp in Jurong, Singapore. This food poisoning outbreak involved 19 army personnel who became unwell after breakfast.All these army personnel had been served fried rice by a food stall in a civilian canteen. The illness was characterized by vomiting (89. 5%), abdominal cramps (52. 6%), diarrhoea (47. 4%), headache (47. 4%) and fever (10. 5%) (Tay, Goh & Tan, 1982). The incubation time extended from 13/4 hours to 51/2 hours. Bacillus cereus was detected in the vomitus of the affected soldiers (Tay, Goh & Tan, 1982). This makes it clear that Bacillus cereus is a causative agent for the food borne poisoning resulting in emetic and diarrhoeal illness. This species contaminates food products, especially cooked rice and refrigerated products.It is therefore essential to follow proper cooking and refrigeration methods. Proper cooking and storage of foods, especially rice cooked for later use, will facilitate to thwart food borne epidemics. For the most part B. cereus food borne outbreak is an outcome of eating cooked foods which are cooled slowly and stored the wrong way. Generally food should be stored at temperatures higher than 60Â °C or quickly chilled to less than 10Â °C immediately after cooking. Bibliography Dierick, K. , Coillie, E. V. , Swiecicka, I. , Meyfroidt, G. , Devlieger, H. , Meulemans, A. , Hoedemaekers, G., Fourie, L. , Heyndrickx, M. & Mahillon, J. (2005). Fatal Family Outbreak of Bacillus cereus-Associated Food Poisoning. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Aug. 2005, 43(8), pp. 4277–4279. Drobniewski, F. A. (1993): Bacillus Cereus and related species. Clin Microbiol Rev. 6(4), pp. 324-38. Ehling-Schulz, M. , Fricker, M. & Scherer, S. (2004). Bacillus cereus, the causative agent of an emetic type of food-borne illness. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 48, pp. 479–487. Fowler, V. G. Jr. , Miro, J. M. , Hoen, B. , Cabell, C. H. , Abrutyn, E. , Rubinstein, E. , Corey, G. R. , Spelman, D. , Bradley, S.F. , Barsic, B. , Pappas, P. A. , Anstrom, K . J. , Wray, D. , Fortes, C. Q. , Anguera, I. , Athan, E. , Jones, P. , Meer, J. T. van der, Elliott, T. S. , Levine, D. P. & Bayer, A. S. (2005) Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a consequence of medical progress. JAMA. 2005 Jun 22. 293(24), pp. 3012-21. Giannella, R. A. and Brasile, L. A. (1979). Hospital foodborne outbreak of diarrhea caused by Bacillus cereus. Clinical, epidemiological and microbiological studies. J Infect Dis. 139, pp. 366 – 370. Granum, P. E. (1994). Bacillus cereus and its toxins. J. Appl. Bacteriol. Suppl.23, pp. 61S–66S. Kramer, J. M. & Gilbert, R. J. (1989) Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus species. In Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, Doyle MP, ed. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York. pp 21-70. Louisiana Office of PublicHealth. (2004). Bacillus cereus – Toxi-infection. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section- Infectious Disease Control Manual. Available from: http://www. dhh. louisiana. gov/offices/miscdocs/docs-249/Manual/BacillusCereusManua l. pdf Lund, T. , DeBuyser, M. L. & Granum, P. E. (2000). A new cytotoxin from Bacillus cereus that may cause necrotic enteritis. Mol. Microbiol.38, pp. 254–261. Mortimer, P. R. and McCann, G. (1974). Food poisoning episodes associated with Bacillus cereus in fried rice. Lancet. 1, pp. 1403 – 1405. Microbial Pathogen Datasheets. Bacillus cereus. (2001). May 2001. Retrieved from: www. nzfsa. govt. nz/science/data-sheets/bacillus-cereus. pdf Tay, L. , Goh, K. T. and Tan, S. E. (1982). An outbreak of Bacillus cereus food poisoning. Singapore Medical Journal. 23(4), pp. 214 – 217. Taylor, A. J. and Gilbert, R. J. (1975). Bacillus cereus food poisoning: A provisional serotyping scheme. J. Med. Microbiol. 8, pp. 543 – 550.

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